The Quantum Dice
نویسنده
چکیده
Albert Einstein once said that he does not believe in a God who plays dice. He was referring to the fundamental principle that quantum theory permits only statistical assertions concerning the values of physical quantities. This issue, namely, whether the description of Nature in statistical terms is complete or even consistent, was the subject of a very lively debate-dialogue between Einstein and Niels Bohr in the years 1920-1930. Nowadays there is no debate as the principles of quantum theory have been verified countless times in experiments. In this lecture (which requires no previous background) I shall discuss both classical and quantum probabilities. Although the meaning of probability remains the same in both contexts, the method of calculating them is different. I shall explain the strange but beautiful manner in which quantum probabilities are calculated, explaining the mathematical foundations in an elementary manner. The meaning of probability
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